Taking Care of Bolivia (in the Mean Time): The Transitional Government
Bolivia Today ©
With a resounding "... in light of the definite absence of ......... I immediately assume the Presidency of Bolivia...", on November 12th, 2019, the then just self-proclaimed Senate President and soon to become interim president of Bolivia, Sen. Janine Anez (UD), ended the almost 14-year-old government of Evo Morales. Once again, a historic day for Bolivia.
After weeks of a politically crushing general strike (staged by a plethora of civil society organizations), followed by a police mutiny, a "suggestion" to resign by the head of the military, a wave of resignations of cabinet members and pressure arising from events unfolding during such tense days (such as the attacks to government officials houses, and the threats against family members, etc.), President Morales saw no other way than to resign from office, together with his VP and the few ministers left in his government.
Following that announcement, he and his group went into self-exile, first to Mexico and then to Argentina. While the government's sins included the usual political weariness, allegations of corruption, and mismanagement, the real reason for its demise was Morale's insistent efforts to stay in power indefinitely. The last drop, which triggered the general strike, was the electoral fraud perpetrated this past October 20th at the hands of the electoral tribunal, a government institution widely perceived as being under the influence of the government's party. The interim government, as so often in Bolivian politics, has one, and only one task, namely, to organize once again new, transparent, and credible presidential and congressional elections in 2020.
Following is a chronology of the most important events together with other relevant events and information that aim to inform or describe what took part in those more than twenty days after the election on October 20. At the end of the post, you can find the links to the sources, i.e. newspaper articles. Hopefully, the links will still be alive in years to come.
19:40: Last TREP update.
The TREP or system of rapid transmission results was the online system used by the TSE to publish transparent and rapid results.
21:00: The first headlines emerge reporting the TSE's rapid-count results website (TREP) not updating the data for over an hour.
21:50: Viaciencia SRL, publishes its early results based on the same data as the TREP. The results point to a second-round between Mesa (CC) and Morales (MAS).
The OAS calls for the TSE to continue updating the TREP.
People begin to gather outside the TEDs (departmental elections bureaus) buildings as well as at the different places where the official count was supposed to happen (e.g. hotels) to, as the media reported, guard their vote.
All over the country groups of citizens, civil society organizations, political groups, and others mobilized to, in their words, "defend" their vote.
In Potosi, ballot boxes are found in a private home, while the official vote-count is underway in the departmental electoral office (Tribunal Electoral Departamental, TED).
In La Paz, Santa Cruz, Cochabamba, there are reports of ballot boxes being kept in private homes, being transported in private cars, being opened, deposited on the side of streets, etc. There are many pictures, videos, and text in social media documenting all these irregularities.
As the night progresses, these "acts of defense" turn into acts of violence.
00:00: Newspapers report first calls from opposition leaders for citizens to go out "defend" their votes.
October 21
The country wakes up agitated with preliminary reports of MAS having lost its absolute majority in the Senate and the Lower Chamber as well as an imminent second round of elections between Morales and Mesa.
In all nine departmental capitals, people have started to demonstrate their distrust of the TSE and their criticism with the way it conducted the elections. There is a deeply rooted belief and speculation that fraud has been committed.
12:37: The National Committee in Defense of Democracy (Comite Nacional de Defensa de la Democracia, Conade) calls citizens to keep vigil at the TSE and TDE offices around the country and summons them to a town hall meeting.
19:14: The TSE reactivates the TREP online, this time showing Morales as the winner.
17:39: The Departmental Coordination Committee for Change (Coordinadora Departamental para el Cambio, Codelcam) expresses, in a press conference, its rejection of a second-round election.
Some official departmental results are published, and start showing a contradictory result with the preliminary results.
TSE, MAS organizations and government officials observe that the rural vote has not been counted yet.
Several TEDs stop their official vote-count due to, at times, violent actions against the buildings and TED officials.
The citizen gatherings turn into outright demonstrations and marches against what is then called an "electoral fraud".
October 22
02:28: Early in the morning the TSE announces Morales had won the elections.
10:25: The European Union (EU) (as well as other countries such as Brazil, USA, Argentina) issues a public statement calling for the TSE to work with maximum transparency.
In the morning Morales meets with OAS and EU representatives.
14:24: The OAS expresses its doubts about the official results. It qualifies as "inexplicable" the results showing a Morales win.
The TED buildings in Potosi and Sucre are set on fire.
Police and demonstrators confrontations in La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz and Tarija.
17:14: Bolivia's First Diplomat (Secretary of State), Diego Pary and TSE President Maria Eugenia Choque, invite OAS to conduct an audit of the electoral process.
20:13: OAS accepts the invitation to audit the Bolivian elections, but insists the results be binding.
October 23
07:58: President Morales insists he won the elections and denounces an internationally organized coup.
The general strike is implemented in every major city. Santa Cruz is one city where the strike is most overwhelming. Civil society organizations, students, professionals, merchants, and various other groups go out on the streets to show their disapproval of what they call an electoral fraud and in defense of their vote.
22:29: Political and social organizations leaders create the Coordination Committee in Defense of Democracy (Coordinadora por la Defensa de la Democracia). Leading members are: CC presidential candidate, Mesa; CC VP candidate, Gustavo Pedraza; Bolivia Dice No candidate, Óscar Ortiz; Santa Cruz Governor, Rubén Costas; Unidad Nacional leader, Samuel Doria Medina; La Paz Mayor, Luis Revilla; Tarija Governor, Adrian Oliva; Universidad Mayor de San Andrés President, Waldo Albarracín; former Ombudsman, Rolando Villena; Comité pro Santa Cruz President, Luis Fernando Camacho; and Comité Cívico Potosinista President, Marco Pumari.
October 24
07:30: Evo Morales claims victory after the TSE said he won by more than 10 percentage points.
The TSE published official results with 98.42% of the votes counted. According to the TSE, Morales got 46.83% and Mesa got 36.7%, with a 10.13% difference. That meant there would not be a second round of elections.
12:57: The Assembly for La Paz (Asamblea de la Pacenidad) decides to implement an indefinite general strike.
Their demands reflect what is being demanded around the country: nullification of the elections, new elections, and new TSE.
20:41: CC presents evidence of fraud.
23:00: Computer engineer Edgar Villegas presents in a University TV Channel evidence of fraud.
October 25 - 27
President Morales calls his supporters to "besiege" cities in support of the official results.
Protests continue in all major cities and in at least 20 cities around the world. They ask for new elections, a second-round face-off, and new personnel in the TSE.
October 28 - 31
Various groups supporting MAS and Morales confront demonstrators taking part in the general strike.
Miners, coca growers, some politicians, indigenous groups, transportation syndicates, etc.
Police forces partially abandon their duties.
(30) A congressman showed evidence alleging the TSE President Choque ordered the TREP suspension.
Allegedly, she suspended the supply of electricity, telephone, and water for the offices where the company in charge of TREP, Neotec, was working.
Gustavo Torrico, a MAS departmental assembly member, threatened the lives of people demonstrating against Morales. He made controversial comments insinuating that people (demonstrators) could die and that parents do not like to lose their children. Many of the demonstrators were students.
(30) The first deaths happen in the town of Montero.
Marcelo Terrazas (41) and Mario Salvatierra (60) are shot.
OAS starts audit.
(31) Comite Civico de Santa Cruz President Camacho demands Morales resignation due to Montero deaths.
November 1
The media reports that Neotec Director, Marcel Guzman, confirmed the national voting list his company received from the TSE to produce the TREP results contained purged names.
In several major cities, the civil society organized cabildos (town hall meetings) where the demands (or resolutions) called for the resignation of Evo Morales.
November 2
The cabildo in Santa Cruz gives Morales 48 hours to step down.
The media reports of several groups trying to break the strike by using violence and scare tactics. The people in Santa Cruz, La Paz, and Cochabamba begin to organize their defense, violence is also part of the strategy.
November 3
Miners march in La Paz, they use dynamite explosions to induce fear in the population.
While the opposition (CC) demands new elections with new TSE leadership, the civil society on the streets demands the resignation of Evo Morales.
President Morales announced resistance and reminds the public: "the people are organized". Morales makes here reference to the social movements aligned with him under the umbrella of MAS.
November 5-6
There are disturbances in El Alto. A large group of MAS supporters, led by local and national government officials, siege the airport to prevent the arrival of Santa Cruz civic leader Fernando Camacho. There are several days of confrontations there between MAS supporters, some opposition supporters and police forces.
Nightly confrontations between violent protesters and police take place in La Paz, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz. There are dozens wounded, some seriously.
The media begins to report on police absence. Some officers in reserve begin to side with protesters.
November 7
Media coverage shows alleged discontent among police officers with its leadership. These are the first reports of a change in police action in favor of protesters (or the people, family and friends).
Limbert Guzman, a 20-year-old student, was beaten to death in Quillacollo, Cochabamba, in confrontations between protesters and government supporters.
11:00: Maria P. Arce, Mayor of Vinto, Cochabamba, was severely assaulted by a group of protesters. They made Arce responsible for paying people to attack the barricades and the death of protesters.
The El Alto government building was attacked and set on fire.
Santa Cruz civic leader, Fernando Camacho and Potosi civic leader, Marco Pumari, arrive in La Paz. They take part in a Cabildo which calls for the resignation of Morales.
November 8
MAS supporters stop the supply of drink water for the city of Cochabamba.
18:10: A group of active police officers rebel in the city of Cochabamba. They ask the removal of Departmental Commander Raul Grandi.
During the evening hours, another group of police officers in Santa Cruz also started a mutiny, while groups of officers around the country went back to their barracks.
The wives of those rebelling officers start vigils in front of the barracks. Some publicly ask Morales to resign.
Several high-ranking military officers say they will stay in their barracks.
November 9
Evo Morales assures he will not resign.
The police in La Paz start a mutiny and returns to its barracks, leaving government buildings without security.
The absence of police forces is felt in La Paz. MAS supporters and protesters violently clash on the streets. The violence is no longer during the night hours but on daylight.
Groups of citizens organize their own defense. They take control of the streets and set up guard on street corners, many 24 hours a day.
Police officers join protesters on marches asking Morales to resign.
A wave of resignations begins, with MAS governors, mayors, and vice-ministers resigning from their posts.
Many organizations turn against Evo Morales (CSUTCB, Futecra, and UPEA, for example).
15:08: The Commander of the Military forces, Williams Kaliman, announces the decision of the military in general to "not take action against the population".
Morales leaves La Paz.
November 10
06:17: The OAS publishes its preliminary audit results. It concludes it found serious discrepancies and faults in the process.
08:00: Morales announces new elections with new TSE.
The resignation of government officials continue. The majority feel the pressure, many are directly attacked (houses set on fire or family members kidnapped).
15:49: Williams Kaliman says the military command "suggested" Morales should resign.
16:56: Morales resigns.
18:32: Senate President, Adriana Salvatierra, resigns.
November 11
Police return to the streets to reestablish security.
Police ask the military to help, in many cases, it cannot cope with the disturbances.
November 12
18:30: Janine Anez, second VP of the Senate chamber, assumes Bolivia's Presidency.
The decision is based on, first, the prior resignation of the Senate President and first VP (Adriana Salvatierra and Ruben Medinaceli) which allowed her to become Senate President and third in the line of succession, and second, on the absence of President Morales and his VP.
20:16: The TCP (Constitutional Tribunal) finds the application of the line of succession in accordance with the constitution. This decision deems the Anez presidency legal.
November 13
The police and the armed forces publicly back the Anez government.
Her government is also acknowledged by the international community (the US, Brazil, UK, EU, among others)
Violent confrontations, several ending in death, continue during these few days.
November 14 - 19
Different groups of MAS supporters march in support of Morales and against Anez. In Chapare, these groups violently confront with police and military. In La Paz, they block the access of food and fuel as well as making violent incursions in several neighborhoods. In the outskirts of Santa Cruz, these groups keep clashing with demonstrators. In Cochabamba, some groups keep clashing with demonstrators in the city.
According to media reports, between 18 to 30 people have died since October 30. On November 15, at least 9 MAS supporters died in Sacaba, Cochabamba.
November 20
MAS accepts Anez as interim president and proposes elections in January.
November 24
11:23: President Anez signs the new elections law 2020.
December 5
OAS publishes the final audit report of Bolivian elections from October 20. The report confirms the electoral process was full of irregularities, the extent of which meant the results could not be accepted.
Once Anez was "accepted" as a "legal" Bolivian President, she quickly tried to bring stability by confronting the major tasks her still weak government had to achieve. Those tasks were: to establish her cabinet and to designate new TSE members or directors. Below you find a description of the new government.
Janine Anez (UC), Interim President of Bolivia.
Anez, a 52-year-old lawyer, former opposition Senator for Beni from the UC, becomes the second woman president after Lydia Gueiler, who was President from 1979 to 1980.
Ministers (Cabinet)
Karen Longaric, Sec. of State (ministra de Relaciones Exteriore)
Jerjes Justiniano, Min. of Presidency (ministro de la Presidencia)(Since Dec. 4 Yerko Nunez)
Roxana Lizárraga, Min. of Communications (ministra de Comunicación)
Fernando López Julio, Min. of Defense (ministro de Defensa)
José Luis Parada, Min. of Economy (ministro de Economía)
Arturo Murillo, Min. of Government or Interior Ministry (ministro de Gobierno)
Álvaro Coimbra Cornejo, Min of Justice or Attorney General (ministro de Justicia)
Yerko Núñez, Min. of Public Works (ministro de Obras Públicas)(Since Dec. 4 Ivan Arias)
María Elva Pinckert, Min. of Environment (ministra de Medio Ambiente)
Mario Ordoñez Castillo, Min. of Rural Development (ministro de Desarrollo Rural)
Álvaro Guzmán, Min. of Energy (ministro de Energías)
Víctor Hugo Zamora Castedo, Min. of Hydrocarbons (ministro de Hidrocarburos)
Wilfredo Rojas Parada, Min. of Productive Development (ministro de Desarrollo Productivo)
Aníbal Cruz Senzano, Min. of Health (ministro de Salud)
Martha Yujra Apaza, Min. of Culture and Tourism (ministra de Culturas y Turismo)
Milton Navarro Mamani, Min. of Sports (ministro de de Deportes)
Oscar Mercado, Min. of Labor (ministro de Trabajo) (Since Dec. 4.)
Members of the TSE Directory (Vocales de la TSE)
President
Salvador Romero is a political sociologist and university professor.
Members of the Directory (Vocales)
From Top left to bottom right:
María Angélica Ruiz Vaca Diez, Nancy Gutierrez Salas, Maria del Rosario Baptista Canedo, Daniel Atahuichi Quispe, Óscar Hassenteufel Salazar, Francisco Vargas Camacho.
The designation/election of a new TSE Directory was important due to the role officials of this institution played in the planning and carrying out of the October 20th electoral fraud.
In contrast to the former directors, who had a clear partisan profile, the new officials are supposed to be elected according to merit, i.e. career, experience, and credentials.
The Bolivian Assembly (Congress) carried out the process of selection and election. The only exception was the president, who was designated by Anez.
The process of the removal/replacement/interruption
There were two basic questions surrounding the events that removed, replaced or interrupted the presidency of Evo Morales. How did it happen? and Was it legal? Since I am no legal expert, though I do have my opinion about it, I will concentrate on addressing the first question.
The resignation and ensuing self-exile of Evo Morales on November 10th left a power vacuum and the Bolivian state in uncertainty, because not only the President resigned, but also his VP and the upper and lower chamber's presidents as well as the VPs. All of them were MAS members. Now, I am not sure what the strategy was here. Whether they indeed intended to leave the State without leadership and therefore profit from the following chaos or the leadership resigned out of pure loyalty to the president. If I have to guess, I would take the latter. A good example for my guess is the resignation of the Senate President, Adriana Salvatierra. She said in an interview shortly after resigning it would be disloyal to Morales to take his place.
The fact remained, that on November 11 and 12, the Bolivian State was without leadership. With all the heads of government gone, the line of succession was exhausted. No one was left that could take Morales' place. In addition, to make matters even more dramatic, the 2009 Constitution excluded the Constitutional Court President as the last name in the list. That had been the option in the prior constitution.
Being the situation as it was, the creative heads in the opposition proceeded as follows. Senator Anez had been the second VP in that chamber. According to the internal rules of the Senate, the majority party, i.e. MAS, had the prerogative to fill the presidency and the first VP. The second political force had the right to seat the second VP, i.e. Anez. Now, in the absence of the Senate President and the first VP, the internal rules say the second VP assumes the presidency. This is how Anez became Senate President on that November 12.
The questionable thing here is that at that moment, the Senate did not have a quorum. According to our common sense, no new President could be elected. However, and here is the trick, Anez ended quickly the session and immediately after read a statement saying, in light of the situation, she was assuming the presidency. The question is, do the Senate internal rules allow for an automatic transfer of authority? Is it mandatory to conduct an election with a quorum? Is there a procedural error?
Right after naming herself Senate President, Anez and the Senate opposition went to the lower chamber, where she proceeded to apply the constitutional line of succession in light of the "abandonment" Morales and his VP had "materialized" when they left the country into self-imposed exile.
Now, there are many people who are not satisfied with the government's explanation. In fact, many of them cry out loud it was a coup. Morales is the first one to affirm that. However, the government has been arguing the process was constitutional and many, as well as the international community, have accepted that explanation.
To end the discussion once and for all, the Constitutional Court ruled the application of the line of succession in Bolivia on that November 12 was according to the Constitution.
Sources
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https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/13/anez-juramenta-11-ministros-promete-reconciliacion-respeto-absoluto-al-orden-constitucional-237338.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/14/anez-toma-juramento-cinco-nuevos-ministros-de-su-gabinete-237417.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/19/se-reportan-23-fallecidos-17-por-impactos-de-arma-de-fuego-237811.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/20/el-mas-reconoce-la-sucesion-por-renuncia-abandono-de-funciones-de-evo-alvaro-238006.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/24/presidente-jeanine-anez-promulga-ley-para-la-realizacion-de-elecciones-generales-2020-238388.html
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| Source: Unitel Youtube Channel - https://youtu.be/-YVtpTNFEZc |
With a resounding "... in light of the definite absence of ......... I immediately assume the Presidency of Bolivia...", on November 12th, 2019, the then just self-proclaimed Senate President and soon to become interim president of Bolivia, Sen. Janine Anez (UD), ended the almost 14-year-old government of Evo Morales. Once again, a historic day for Bolivia.
After weeks of a politically crushing general strike (staged by a plethora of civil society organizations), followed by a police mutiny, a "suggestion" to resign by the head of the military, a wave of resignations of cabinet members and pressure arising from events unfolding during such tense days (such as the attacks to government officials houses, and the threats against family members, etc.), President Morales saw no other way than to resign from office, together with his VP and the few ministers left in his government.
Following that announcement, he and his group went into self-exile, first to Mexico and then to Argentina. While the government's sins included the usual political weariness, allegations of corruption, and mismanagement, the real reason for its demise was Morale's insistent efforts to stay in power indefinitely. The last drop, which triggered the general strike, was the electoral fraud perpetrated this past October 20th at the hands of the electoral tribunal, a government institution widely perceived as being under the influence of the government's party. The interim government, as so often in Bolivian politics, has one, and only one task, namely, to organize once again new, transparent, and credible presidential and congressional elections in 2020.
A Chronology of the interruption/removal (Bolivian Time)
Following is a chronology of the most important events together with other relevant events and information that aim to inform or describe what took part in those more than twenty days after the election on October 20. At the end of the post, you can find the links to the sources, i.e. newspaper articles. Hopefully, the links will still be alive in years to come.
October 20
08:00: The voting precincts open at 8 am.
According to the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Supremo Electoral, TSE), 7.3 million citizens will have elected by the end of that day a new Executive and Legislative branches.
Many opposition politicians, however, are highly skeptical of the TSE. They express so in many interviews that can be found in media coverage.
The preliminary results from Viaciencia SRL, the only company licensed to publish such results, were scheduled to be published at 19:00.
The official preliminary results were scheduled by the TSE at 20:00.
(during the day of the election and the days up to Morales' resignation, I followed events and posted a description of them in this blog. For in-depth information on these days and the general elections process visit prior posts.)
08:00: The voting precincts open at 8 am.
According to the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Supremo Electoral, TSE), 7.3 million citizens will have elected by the end of that day a new Executive and Legislative branches.
Many opposition politicians, however, are highly skeptical of the TSE. They express so in many interviews that can be found in media coverage.
The preliminary results from Viaciencia SRL, the only company licensed to publish such results, were scheduled to be published at 19:00.
The official preliminary results were scheduled by the TSE at 20:00.
(during the day of the election and the days up to Morales' resignation, I followed events and posted a description of them in this blog. For in-depth information on these days and the general elections process visit prior posts.)
19:40: Last TREP update.
The TREP or system of rapid transmission results was the online system used by the TSE to publish transparent and rapid results.
21:00: The first headlines emerge reporting the TSE's rapid-count results website (TREP) not updating the data for over an hour.
21:50: Viaciencia SRL, publishes its early results based on the same data as the TREP. The results point to a second-round between Mesa (CC) and Morales (MAS).
The OAS calls for the TSE to continue updating the TREP.
People begin to gather outside the TEDs (departmental elections bureaus) buildings as well as at the different places where the official count was supposed to happen (e.g. hotels) to, as the media reported, guard their vote.
All over the country groups of citizens, civil society organizations, political groups, and others mobilized to, in their words, "defend" their vote.
In Potosi, ballot boxes are found in a private home, while the official vote-count is underway in the departmental electoral office (Tribunal Electoral Departamental, TED).
In La Paz, Santa Cruz, Cochabamba, there are reports of ballot boxes being kept in private homes, being transported in private cars, being opened, deposited on the side of streets, etc. There are many pictures, videos, and text in social media documenting all these irregularities.
As the night progresses, these "acts of defense" turn into acts of violence.
00:00: Newspapers report first calls from opposition leaders for citizens to go out "defend" their votes.
October 21
The country wakes up agitated with preliminary reports of MAS having lost its absolute majority in the Senate and the Lower Chamber as well as an imminent second round of elections between Morales and Mesa.
In all nine departmental capitals, people have started to demonstrate their distrust of the TSE and their criticism with the way it conducted the elections. There is a deeply rooted belief and speculation that fraud has been committed.
12:37: The National Committee in Defense of Democracy (Comite Nacional de Defensa de la Democracia, Conade) calls citizens to keep vigil at the TSE and TDE offices around the country and summons them to a town hall meeting.
19:14: The TSE reactivates the TREP online, this time showing Morales as the winner.
17:39: The Departmental Coordination Committee for Change (Coordinadora Departamental para el Cambio, Codelcam) expresses, in a press conference, its rejection of a second-round election.
Some official departmental results are published, and start showing a contradictory result with the preliminary results.
TSE, MAS organizations and government officials observe that the rural vote has not been counted yet.
Several TEDs stop their official vote-count due to, at times, violent actions against the buildings and TED officials.
The citizen gatherings turn into outright demonstrations and marches against what is then called an "electoral fraud".
October 22
02:28: Early in the morning the TSE announces Morales had won the elections.
10:25: The European Union (EU) (as well as other countries such as Brazil, USA, Argentina) issues a public statement calling for the TSE to work with maximum transparency.
In the morning Morales meets with OAS and EU representatives.
14:24: The OAS expresses its doubts about the official results. It qualifies as "inexplicable" the results showing a Morales win.
The TED buildings in Potosi and Sucre are set on fire.
Police and demonstrators confrontations in La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz and Tarija.
17:14: Bolivia's First Diplomat (Secretary of State), Diego Pary and TSE President Maria Eugenia Choque, invite OAS to conduct an audit of the electoral process.
20:13: OAS accepts the invitation to audit the Bolivian elections, but insists the results be binding.
October 23
07:58: President Morales insists he won the elections and denounces an internationally organized coup.
The general strike is implemented in every major city. Santa Cruz is one city where the strike is most overwhelming. Civil society organizations, students, professionals, merchants, and various other groups go out on the streets to show their disapproval of what they call an electoral fraud and in defense of their vote.
22:29: Political and social organizations leaders create the Coordination Committee in Defense of Democracy (Coordinadora por la Defensa de la Democracia). Leading members are: CC presidential candidate, Mesa; CC VP candidate, Gustavo Pedraza; Bolivia Dice No candidate, Óscar Ortiz; Santa Cruz Governor, Rubén Costas; Unidad Nacional leader, Samuel Doria Medina; La Paz Mayor, Luis Revilla; Tarija Governor, Adrian Oliva; Universidad Mayor de San Andrés President, Waldo Albarracín; former Ombudsman, Rolando Villena; Comité pro Santa Cruz President, Luis Fernando Camacho; and Comité Cívico Potosinista President, Marco Pumari.
October 24
07:30: Evo Morales claims victory after the TSE said he won by more than 10 percentage points.
The TSE published official results with 98.42% of the votes counted. According to the TSE, Morales got 46.83% and Mesa got 36.7%, with a 10.13% difference. That meant there would not be a second round of elections.
12:57: The Assembly for La Paz (Asamblea de la Pacenidad) decides to implement an indefinite general strike.
Their demands reflect what is being demanded around the country: nullification of the elections, new elections, and new TSE.
20:41: CC presents evidence of fraud.
23:00: Computer engineer Edgar Villegas presents in a University TV Channel evidence of fraud.
October 25 - 27
President Morales calls his supporters to "besiege" cities in support of the official results.
Protests continue in all major cities and in at least 20 cities around the world. They ask for new elections, a second-round face-off, and new personnel in the TSE.
October 28 - 31
Various groups supporting MAS and Morales confront demonstrators taking part in the general strike.
Miners, coca growers, some politicians, indigenous groups, transportation syndicates, etc.
Police forces partially abandon their duties.
(30) A congressman showed evidence alleging the TSE President Choque ordered the TREP suspension.
Allegedly, she suspended the supply of electricity, telephone, and water for the offices where the company in charge of TREP, Neotec, was working.
Gustavo Torrico, a MAS departmental assembly member, threatened the lives of people demonstrating against Morales. He made controversial comments insinuating that people (demonstrators) could die and that parents do not like to lose their children. Many of the demonstrators were students.
(30) The first deaths happen in the town of Montero.
Marcelo Terrazas (41) and Mario Salvatierra (60) are shot.
OAS starts audit.
(31) Comite Civico de Santa Cruz President Camacho demands Morales resignation due to Montero deaths.
November 1
The media reports that Neotec Director, Marcel Guzman, confirmed the national voting list his company received from the TSE to produce the TREP results contained purged names.
In several major cities, the civil society organized cabildos (town hall meetings) where the demands (or resolutions) called for the resignation of Evo Morales.
November 2
The cabildo in Santa Cruz gives Morales 48 hours to step down.
The media reports of several groups trying to break the strike by using violence and scare tactics. The people in Santa Cruz, La Paz, and Cochabamba begin to organize their defense, violence is also part of the strategy.
November 3
Miners march in La Paz, they use dynamite explosions to induce fear in the population.
While the opposition (CC) demands new elections with new TSE leadership, the civil society on the streets demands the resignation of Evo Morales.
President Morales announced resistance and reminds the public: "the people are organized". Morales makes here reference to the social movements aligned with him under the umbrella of MAS.
November 5-6
There are disturbances in El Alto. A large group of MAS supporters, led by local and national government officials, siege the airport to prevent the arrival of Santa Cruz civic leader Fernando Camacho. There are several days of confrontations there between MAS supporters, some opposition supporters and police forces.
Nightly confrontations between violent protesters and police take place in La Paz, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz. There are dozens wounded, some seriously.
The media begins to report on police absence. Some officers in reserve begin to side with protesters.
November 7
Media coverage shows alleged discontent among police officers with its leadership. These are the first reports of a change in police action in favor of protesters (or the people, family and friends).
Limbert Guzman, a 20-year-old student, was beaten to death in Quillacollo, Cochabamba, in confrontations between protesters and government supporters.
11:00: Maria P. Arce, Mayor of Vinto, Cochabamba, was severely assaulted by a group of protesters. They made Arce responsible for paying people to attack the barricades and the death of protesters.
The El Alto government building was attacked and set on fire.
Santa Cruz civic leader, Fernando Camacho and Potosi civic leader, Marco Pumari, arrive in La Paz. They take part in a Cabildo which calls for the resignation of Morales.
November 8
MAS supporters stop the supply of drink water for the city of Cochabamba.
18:10: A group of active police officers rebel in the city of Cochabamba. They ask the removal of Departmental Commander Raul Grandi.
During the evening hours, another group of police officers in Santa Cruz also started a mutiny, while groups of officers around the country went back to their barracks.
The wives of those rebelling officers start vigils in front of the barracks. Some publicly ask Morales to resign.
Several high-ranking military officers say they will stay in their barracks.
November 9
Evo Morales assures he will not resign.
The police in La Paz start a mutiny and returns to its barracks, leaving government buildings without security.
The absence of police forces is felt in La Paz. MAS supporters and protesters violently clash on the streets. The violence is no longer during the night hours but on daylight.
Groups of citizens organize their own defense. They take control of the streets and set up guard on street corners, many 24 hours a day.
Police officers join protesters on marches asking Morales to resign.
A wave of resignations begins, with MAS governors, mayors, and vice-ministers resigning from their posts.
Many organizations turn against Evo Morales (CSUTCB, Futecra, and UPEA, for example).
15:08: The Commander of the Military forces, Williams Kaliman, announces the decision of the military in general to "not take action against the population".
Morales leaves La Paz.
November 10
06:17: The OAS publishes its preliminary audit results. It concludes it found serious discrepancies and faults in the process.
08:00: Morales announces new elections with new TSE.
The resignation of government officials continue. The majority feel the pressure, many are directly attacked (houses set on fire or family members kidnapped).
15:49: Williams Kaliman says the military command "suggested" Morales should resign.
16:56: Morales resigns.
18:32: Senate President, Adriana Salvatierra, resigns.
November 11
Police return to the streets to reestablish security.
Police ask the military to help, in many cases, it cannot cope with the disturbances.
November 12
18:30: Janine Anez, second VP of the Senate chamber, assumes Bolivia's Presidency.
The decision is based on, first, the prior resignation of the Senate President and first VP (Adriana Salvatierra and Ruben Medinaceli) which allowed her to become Senate President and third in the line of succession, and second, on the absence of President Morales and his VP.
20:16: The TCP (Constitutional Tribunal) finds the application of the line of succession in accordance with the constitution. This decision deems the Anez presidency legal.
November 13
The police and the armed forces publicly back the Anez government.
Her government is also acknowledged by the international community (the US, Brazil, UK, EU, among others)
Violent confrontations, several ending in death, continue during these few days.
November 14 - 19
Different groups of MAS supporters march in support of Morales and against Anez. In Chapare, these groups violently confront with police and military. In La Paz, they block the access of food and fuel as well as making violent incursions in several neighborhoods. In the outskirts of Santa Cruz, these groups keep clashing with demonstrators. In Cochabamba, some groups keep clashing with demonstrators in the city.
According to media reports, between 18 to 30 people have died since October 30. On November 15, at least 9 MAS supporters died in Sacaba, Cochabamba.
November 20
MAS accepts Anez as interim president and proposes elections in January.
November 24
11:23: President Anez signs the new elections law 2020.
December 5
OAS publishes the final audit report of Bolivian elections from October 20. The report confirms the electoral process was full of irregularities, the extent of which meant the results could not be accepted.
The Interim Government
Once Anez was "accepted" as a "legal" Bolivian President, she quickly tried to bring stability by confronting the major tasks her still weak government had to achieve. Those tasks were: to establish her cabinet and to designate new TSE members or directors. Below you find a description of the new government.
President
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| Source: ABI |
Anez, a 52-year-old lawyer, former opposition Senator for Beni from the UC, becomes the second woman president after Lydia Gueiler, who was President from 1979 to 1980.
Ministers (Cabinet)
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| Source: ABI J. Lirauze |
Jerjes Justiniano, Min. of Presidency (ministro de la Presidencia)(Since Dec. 4 Yerko Nunez)
Roxana Lizárraga, Min. of Communications (ministra de Comunicación)
Fernando López Julio, Min. of Defense (ministro de Defensa)
José Luis Parada, Min. of Economy (ministro de Economía)
Arturo Murillo, Min. of Government or Interior Ministry (ministro de Gobierno)
Álvaro Coimbra Cornejo, Min of Justice or Attorney General (ministro de Justicia)
Yerko Núñez, Min. of Public Works (ministro de Obras Públicas)(Since Dec. 4 Ivan Arias)
María Elva Pinckert, Min. of Environment (ministra de Medio Ambiente)
Mario Ordoñez Castillo, Min. of Rural Development (ministro de Desarrollo Rural)
Álvaro Guzmán, Min. of Energy (ministro de Energías)
Víctor Hugo Zamora Castedo, Min. of Hydrocarbons (ministro de Hidrocarburos)
Wilfredo Rojas Parada, Min. of Productive Development (ministro de Desarrollo Productivo)
Aníbal Cruz Senzano, Min. of Health (ministro de Salud)
Martha Yujra Apaza, Min. of Culture and Tourism (ministra de Culturas y Turismo)
Milton Navarro Mamani, Min. of Sports (ministro de de Deportes)
Oscar Mercado, Min. of Labor (ministro de Trabajo) (Since Dec. 4.)
Members of the TSE Directory (Vocales de la TSE)
President
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| Source: TSE |
Salvador Romero is a political sociologist and university professor.
Members of the Directory (Vocales)
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| Source: ABI |
María Angélica Ruiz Vaca Diez, Nancy Gutierrez Salas, Maria del Rosario Baptista Canedo, Daniel Atahuichi Quispe, Óscar Hassenteufel Salazar, Francisco Vargas Camacho.
The designation/election of a new TSE Directory was important due to the role officials of this institution played in the planning and carrying out of the October 20th electoral fraud.
In contrast to the former directors, who had a clear partisan profile, the new officials are supposed to be elected according to merit, i.e. career, experience, and credentials.
The Bolivian Assembly (Congress) carried out the process of selection and election. The only exception was the president, who was designated by Anez.
The process of the removal/replacement/interruption
There were two basic questions surrounding the events that removed, replaced or interrupted the presidency of Evo Morales. How did it happen? and Was it legal? Since I am no legal expert, though I do have my opinion about it, I will concentrate on addressing the first question.
The resignation and ensuing self-exile of Evo Morales on November 10th left a power vacuum and the Bolivian state in uncertainty, because not only the President resigned, but also his VP and the upper and lower chamber's presidents as well as the VPs. All of them were MAS members. Now, I am not sure what the strategy was here. Whether they indeed intended to leave the State without leadership and therefore profit from the following chaos or the leadership resigned out of pure loyalty to the president. If I have to guess, I would take the latter. A good example for my guess is the resignation of the Senate President, Adriana Salvatierra. She said in an interview shortly after resigning it would be disloyal to Morales to take his place.
The fact remained, that on November 11 and 12, the Bolivian State was without leadership. With all the heads of government gone, the line of succession was exhausted. No one was left that could take Morales' place. In addition, to make matters even more dramatic, the 2009 Constitution excluded the Constitutional Court President as the last name in the list. That had been the option in the prior constitution.
Being the situation as it was, the creative heads in the opposition proceeded as follows. Senator Anez had been the second VP in that chamber. According to the internal rules of the Senate, the majority party, i.e. MAS, had the prerogative to fill the presidency and the first VP. The second political force had the right to seat the second VP, i.e. Anez. Now, in the absence of the Senate President and the first VP, the internal rules say the second VP assumes the presidency. This is how Anez became Senate President on that November 12.
The questionable thing here is that at that moment, the Senate did not have a quorum. According to our common sense, no new President could be elected. However, and here is the trick, Anez ended quickly the session and immediately after read a statement saying, in light of the situation, she was assuming the presidency. The question is, do the Senate internal rules allow for an automatic transfer of authority? Is it mandatory to conduct an election with a quorum? Is there a procedural error?
Right after naming herself Senate President, Anez and the Senate opposition went to the lower chamber, where she proceeded to apply the constitutional line of succession in light of the "abandonment" Morales and his VP had "materialized" when they left the country into self-imposed exile.
Now, there are many people who are not satisfied with the government's explanation. In fact, many of them cry out loud it was a coup. Morales is the first one to affirm that. However, the government has been arguing the process was constitutional and many, as well as the international community, have accepted that explanation.
To end the discussion once and for all, the Constitutional Court ruled the application of the line of succession in Bolivia on that November 12 was according to the Constitution.
Sources
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/10/20/el-tse-para-la-transmision-rapida-de-actas-234998.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/10/20/al-100-de-conteo-rapido-viaciencia-ratifica-segunda-vuelta-entre-evo-mesa-235009.html
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https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/8/policias-de-cochabamba-santa-cruz-se-amotinan-hay-tension-en-el-resto-del-pais-236790.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/8/evo-llama-romero-calderon-kaliman-una-reunion-de-emergencia-236789.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/9/efectivos-policiales-se-amotinan-en-la-paz-236875.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/8/romero-el-malestar-en-la-policia-se-superara-no-habra-otro-febrero-de-2003-236864.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/9/ola-de-renuncias-entre-autoridades-del-mas-236897.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/9/csutcb-futecra-la-upea-le-dan-la-espalda-evo-236898.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/9/kaliman-nunca-nos-enfrentaremos-al-pueblo-236894.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/10/evo-anuncia-convocatoria-nuevas-elecciones-renovacion-del-tribunal-electoral-236981.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/10/auditoria-de-la-oea-no-puede-validar-las-elecciones-por-lo-que-pide-nuevo-proceso-electoral-236980.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/10/ffaa-piden-la-renuncia-del-presidente-evo-morales-237013.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/10/renuncia-evo-morales-237025.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/10/salvatierra-renuncia-la-presidencia-del-senado-dice-que-se-perpetuo-el-golpe-de-estado-237030.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/11/en-24-horas-la-cupula-del-mas-renuncia-en-masa-237056.html
https://youtu.be/-YVtpTNFEZc
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/12/tcp-reconoce-posesion-de-jeanine-anez-237202.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/13/anez-juramenta-11-ministros-promete-reconciliacion-respeto-absoluto-al-orden-constitucional-237338.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/14/anez-toma-juramento-cinco-nuevos-ministros-de-su-gabinete-237417.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/19/se-reportan-23-fallecidos-17-por-impactos-de-arma-de-fuego-237811.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/20/el-mas-reconoce-la-sucesion-por-renuncia-abandono-de-funciones-de-evo-alvaro-238006.html
https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/24/presidente-jeanine-anez-promulga-ley-para-la-realizacion-de-elecciones-generales-2020-238388.html
